Інвазійні чужорідні патогени як загроза глобальному біорізноманіттю
Ключові слова:
адвентивні патогени; інвазії; біорізноманіття; лісові екосистеми; масове відмирання лісів; зміни клімату.
Анотація
Охарактеризовано особливості шляхів проникнення інвазійних патогенів і показано приклади масових пошкоджень лісів внаслідок поширення адвентивних збудників хвороб. Встановлено, що основною причиною поширення інвазійних патогенів є широкомасштабна торгівля декоративними рослинами для потреб озеленення. Вказано на причини, які призводять до пошкоджень деревних порід і подальшої суттєвої трансформації лісових екосистем під впливом інвазійних патогенів. Підкреслено недостатній рівень уваги з боку лісопатологів, науковців, практиків лісового господарства до проблеми поширення адвентивних збудників хвороб. Недостатньо уніфікованою та розробленою є термінологія щодо інвазій різних таксонів патогенних організмів. Подано характеристику основних термінів щодо інвазій та інвазійних організмів.
Охарактеризовано особливості фаз, які проходить організм, щоб набути статусу інвазійності та чинники, які сприяють успішному встановленню інвазійних патогенів на локальних, регіональних і континентальних рівнях. Переважна більшість інтродукцій лісових інвазійних видів є ненавмисними, наприклад, морфологічними структурами патогенів (спори, міцелій) які не вдається виявити під час імпорту рослин, або на упакуванні тощо.
В Україні не існує законодавчої бази, яка б регулювала на державному рівні проникнення чужорідних інвазійних видів рослин. На сьогодні діє тільки Закон України "Про карантин рослин" який містить списки: 1) карантинних організмів, відсутніх в Україні; 2) карантинних організмів, обмежено поширених в Україні; 3) регульованих некарантинних шкідливих організмів.
Глобальні зміни клімату суттєво впливають на успішність впровадження інвазійних організмів, стимулюють їх поширення і розповсюдження, а також ослаблюють рослин-господарів, що є сприятливою передумовою поширення адвентивних видів на нових територіях.
Посилання
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Опубліковано
2021-06-10
Розділ
БІОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ РОСЛИННИХ УГРУПОВАНЬ
